American Revolution The Stamp Act of 1765

In the wake of Britain victory in the Seven Years/French Indian War, the nation found itself with a burgeoning national debt that had reached  £130,000,000 by 1764. In addition, the government of the Earl of Bute made the decision to retain a standing army of 10,000 men in North America for colonial defense as well as to provide employment for politically connected officers. While Bute had made this decision, his successor, George Grenville, was left with finding a way to service the debt and pay for the army. Taking office in April 1763, Grenville began examining taxation options for raising the necessary funds. Blocked by the politic climate from increasing taxes in Britain, he sought to find ways to produce the needed income by taxing the colonies. His first action was the introduction of the Sugar Act in April 1764. Essentially a revision of the earlier Molasses Act, the new legislation actually reduced the levy with the goal of increasing compliance. In the colonies, the tax was opposed due to its negative economic effects and increased enforcement which hurt smuggling activities. The Stamp Act In passing the Sugar Act, Parliament indicated that a stamp tax could be forthcoming. Commonly used in Britain with great success, stamp taxes were levied on documents, paper goods, and similar items. The tax was collected at purchase and a tax stamp affixed to the item showing that it had been paid. Stamp taxes had been previously proposed for the colonies and Grenville had examined draft stamp acts on two occasions in late 1763. Towards the end of 1764, petitions and news of colonial protests regarding the Sugar Act reached Britain. Though asserting Parliaments right to tax the colonies, Grenville met with colonial agents in London, including Benjamin Franklin, in February 1765. In the meetings, Grenville informed the agents that he was not opposed to the colonies suggesting another approach to raising the funds. While none of the agents offered a viable alternative, they were adamant that the decision should be left to the colonial governments. Needing to find the funds, Grenville pushed the debate into Parliament. After a lengthy discussion, the Stamp Act of 1765 was passed on March 22 with an effective date of November 1. Colonial Response to the Stamp Act As Grenville began to appoint stamp agents for the colonies, opposition to the act began to take form across the Atlantic. Discussion of the stamp tax had begun the previous year following its mention as part of the passage of the Sugar Act. Colonial leaders were particularly concerned as the stamp tax was the first internal tax to be levied on the colonies. Also, the act stated that admiralty courts would have jurisdiction over offenders. This was viewed as an attempt by Parliament to lessen the power of the colonial courts. The key issue that quickly emerged as the centerpiece of colonial complaints against the Stamp Act was that of taxation without representation. This derived from the 1689 English Bill of Rights which forbade the imposition of taxes without the consent of Parliament. As the colonists lacked representation in Parliament, taxes imposed upon them were deemed to be a violation of their rights as Englishmen. While some in Britain stated that the colonists received virtual representation as members of Parliament theoretically represented the interests of all British subjects, this argument was largely rejected. The issue was further complicated by the fact that the colonists elected their own legislatures. As a result, it was the colonists belief that their consent to taxation rested with them rather than Parliament. In 1764, several colonies created Committees of Correspondence to discuss the repercussions of the Sugar Act and to coordinate action against it. These committees remained in place and were used to plan colonial responses to the Stamp Act. By the end of 1765, all but two the colonies had sent formal protests to Parliament. In addition, many merchants began boycotting British goods. While colonial leaders were pressuring Parliament through official channels, violent protests erupted throughout the colonies. In several cities, mobs attacked stamp distributors houses and businesses as well as those of government officials. These actions were partially coordinated by a growing network of groups known as the Sons of Liberty. Forming locally, these groups were soon communicating and a loose network was in place by the end of 1765. Usually led by members of the upper- and middle-class, the Sons of Liberty worked to harness and direct the rage of the working classes. The Stamp Act Congress In June 1765, the Massachusetts Assembly issued a circular letter to the other colonial legislatures suggesting that members meet to consult together on the present circumstances of the colonies. Convening on October 19, the Stamp Act Congress met in New York and was attended by nine colonies (the rest later endorsed its actions). Meeting behind closed doors, they produced the Declaration of Rights and Grievances which stated that only colonial assemblies had the right to tax, the use of admiralty courts was abusive, colonists possessed the Rights of Englishman, and Parliament did not represent them. Repeal of the Stamp Act In October 1765, Lord Rockingham, who had replaced Grenville, learned of the mob violence that was sweeping across the colonies. As a result, he soon came under pressure from those who did not wish Parliament to back down and those whose business enterprises were suffering due to the colonial protests. With business hurting, London merchants, under the guidance of Rockingham and Edmund Burke, began their own committees of correspondence to bring pressure on Parliament to repeal the act. Disliking Grenville and his policies, Rockingham was more predisposed to the colonial point of view. During the repeal debate, he invited Franklin to speak before Parliament. In his remarks, Franklin stated that the colonies were largely opposed to internal taxes, but willing to accept external taxes. After much debate, Parliament agreed to repeal the Stamp Act with the condition that the Declaratory Act be passed. This act stated that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies in all matters. The Stamp Act was officially repealed on March 18, 1766, and the Declaratory Act passed the same day. Aftermath While unrest in the colonies subsided after the Stamp Act was repealed, the infrastructure that it created remained in place. The Committees of Correspondence, Sons of Liberty, and system of boycotts were to be refined and used later in protests against future British taxes. The larger constitutional issue of taxation without representation remained unresolved and continued to be a key part of colonial protests. The Stamp Act, along with future taxes such as the Townshend Acts, helped push the colonies along the path towards the American Revolution. Selected Sources Colonial Williamsburg: The Stamp Act of 1765Indiana University: The Stamp ActAmerican Revolution: The Stamp Act

Colorist Culture Beliefs Essay - 1105 Words

The â€Å"Colorist† culture believes that light hair and blue eyes is the standard for beauty. People who fall victim to this altered view have gone as far as skin bleaching and extreme poisonous routes which have contributed to the deaths of women trying to stay in trend. Countries such as India victimize dark females with favor placed on lighter skin. Africa is a predominantly a dark skinned continent that has taken up the fair skin death trap; a country that should be praising rich cocoa skin, or darker skin that is native to India began to praise European like skin. The colorist view projected by society and the media leads to exploitation and the death of some who have subscribed to colorist ideals. Colorism can be found across the†¦show more content†¦In the test they were required to identify the race of two dolls, and then they were asked which doll they preferred, the doll of Caucasian descent or the doll African American descent, all chose the doll of Caucasian descent. The children were able to distinguish at an early age that the Caucasian doll was associated with better treatment in society, better jobs, and happiness. If children can acknowledge these things subconsciously, it is no shock that children with these views would turn into adults with similar views, subconscious or conscious. Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye explores the psyche of a young girls that desires to have blue eyes and blonde hair like Shirley Temple so she too can be loved and have all the happiness young white girls have. This expands the notion that the effect of colorism begins at a young age and it is strengthened by media coverage of happy go-lucky Caucasian girl. Sharmila Devià ¢â‚¬â„¢s research about the history of the desire for light skin reveals that, â€Å"†¦It was the same in South Africa, where in the 1950s black women bought lightening creams in the hope of enjoying the benefits of the white society they were excluded from†¦as in Burma, where large posters still advertise such creams. Almost every big cosmetic company now sells some sort of lightening product† (Devi). Another case of paler skin being considered of higher value is in Indian culture. The average Indian person is not as light-skinned as models,Show MoreRelatedSome cultures have contributed to colorist beliefs that light hair and blue eyes are the standard1000 Words   |  4 PagesSome cultures have contributed to colorist beliefs that light hair and blue eyes are the standard for beauty. People who fall victim to this altered view have gone as far as skin bleaching and extreme poisonous routes which have contributed to the deaths of women trying to stay in trend. Countries such as India victimize females with favor placed on lighter skin. Africa is a predominantly dark skinned continent that has taken up the fair skin death trap; a country that should be praising richRead Morethe witch2204 Words   |  9 PagesEdilberto K. Tiempo uses local color in his short fictions and be called a Filipino local colorist. This analyzes the fictional elements and style contributing to local color . It also looks into his biographical synthesis as a local colorist, elements of local color and fictional style. It uses discourse analysis, hence a qualitative research that generates verbal data. Edilberto K. Tiempo is a local colorist because he is a realist, a reflector of human figure in a landscape, renders life with authorityRead MoreA Frame Of Social Invisibility1642 Words   |  7 Pagescinematic works of cultural and social relevance. Brazilian film carries a common thread of negligence and isolation of poor and unfortunate citizens; Bus 174 clearly portrays the experiences of one of Brazil s many forgotten street children. Brazilian culture, in law and in social attitudes, sets the impoverished children of its cities up for short lives of crime, hardship, and cruelty disguised as justice. [DEFINE STREET CHILDREN AND FAVELAS] Most families that came to the favelas in the 1960s and 1970sRead MoreCosmetology791 Words   |  4 Pagesbasic math it is hard to find out taxes on tips and wages. It is also difficult to exercise time management skills needed to optimize the hours of the workday. Before a stylist cuts they take measurements of the hair. Also when coloring hair the colorist has to measure the colors out. Each treatment requires various amounts of products: a blond bleach job calls for certain volume of developer and toner, which must be measured. Also it is good to know fractions and to be familiar with the metric systemRead MoreRacism In Huckleberry Finn Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pageson the belief that one s own race is superior.† Most people believe racism is just as simple as intentional displays of racial hostility, such as the Ku Klux Klan. But the racism that happens the most is the type that is subtle and ingrained in society’s beliefs. This type of racism is defined as struc tural racism and is the most influential. â€Å"Structural racism encompasses the entire system of white supremacy, diffused and infused in all aspects of society, including our history, culture, politics

Network Management Organization for Whistle †IT Security Community

Question: Describe about the Network Management in Organization for Whistle Blower Divides IT Security Community. Answer: Introduction The report depicts online threats for internet security system of Whistle-Blower divides IT Security Community. It will discuss the ethical issues that had been occurred within the organization due to the behavior of one of the working employees. From ethical perspective whether the behavior was appropriate or not, that will also be discussed in this report. Additionally, the behavior of the manager of CISCO and ISS was appreciable enough or not will also be illustrated in this report. From the overall discussion it will identify the potential ethical and social issues that might affect the organizational structure and ethical solution to those situations will also be discussed in this report. Discussion on whether Mike Lynn acted in a responsible or not Considering the organizational and corporate perspective it can be said that the behavior of Mike Lynn is not enough like a professional but the behavior is completely appropriate while considering the ethical perspective. Whatever CISCO and ISS did with Mike was not an ethical behavior. The IT security risk is rising in a rapid manner all over the world in order to mitigate the issues Lynn started to concentrate on internet operating system. In order to provide privacy against unauthenticated disclosures computer societies are concerned on the field of computer studies [4]. Message content manipulation, data deletion and insertion without authorization hamper the entire security system. Different threats are there such as accidental threats, environmental threats and deliberate threats that might misuse the data regarding any organizational finance or personnel details. In this particular case, Mike Lynn used the router of CISCO to carry out the experiment on IT security. The objective of the computer security professionals is to create a valuable and protective framework to attain the complete security while using network of internet services [5]. Mike Lynn who was a member of X-force assessed the online security threats for the internet service and he defined that the security system might hampered if the a security framework is modeled properly for the IT based organizational network. As the employee used CISCO router for their framework thus, CISCO an ISO felt that Mike is utilizing their router for his personal benefit though, considering Mikes perspective it is found to be completely wrong. From the discussion it can be said that on the day of the presentation he was prepared with his pre planned speech but sudden changes emerged ethical issues as he was concerned about the network issues. Therefore, it can be said that, the reaction of Mike was like a responsible person considering the organizational ethical point of view [1]. There are certain issues that affect the ongoing activities of the network system and apart from this; the conflicts within the organization also took place within the organization whenever the moral principle of any organization get interrupted. Thus, in order to avoid the conflict within the organization ethics is considered to be the most important thing. The information technology tools affect all the sensitive issues and also affect the effectiveness and usability of the network system. Again, controversial ethical system dominates the computing technologies and the users mind set up. Ethics in IT also aims at the construction of tools that might be applied in system development [2]. Additionally, the appropriate usability of appropriate tools in effective sectors is another significant and moral part used by the stakeholders and other authorized users of the IT network. Rather it can be said that, Lynn only wanted to provide ISS and IOS details and also at a crucial point he resigned from the office. Discussion on whether Cisco and ISS were right to pull the plug on Lynns presentation at the Black Hat conference or not The member of X force Mike Lynn, found during his experiment that the, security is one of the most effective threats in the information and security system. It even may cause grave harms like injury or death of the system [9]. From the ethical perspective pull the plug on the topic of Mikes presentation was not at all right. From the corporate aspect most of the managerial level people become selfish when the question came up on personal growth and promotions [12]. Mike used the internet operating system used by the CISCO routers. Therefore, the managers did not want him to use their system for the research work. He used backtracking method to discover a secured network worm to control the rate of attacks on the network from outside. The discovery done by Mike was completely momentous and after the completion of the innovation he decided to give a speech on his research work on Black Hat conference [14]. The managers of CISCO and ISS realized that the revealing technology could hamper their business structure. They also felt that they were unable to notice the network level issue, thus, the issue resolving processes were also did not come up to their minds. Computer ethics is referred to as the application of classical as well as ethical principle in the usage of computer technology. Most of the times computers create false sense based on security and people are unable to realize the vulnerability of the information stored within the system [3]. Again, there are certain tools that are used as the medium of the attack and as the intermediate of the devices. Therefore, in order to reduce the security issues Lynn firmly focused on the computer security system. Whatever he decided to frame was beneficial for business purposes and also for the users who use network services. Nevertheless, as the discovery was made by a common employee and not by the manager of the company therefore, CISCO claimed that Lynn violated the property of the company by using their router system without their permission. Though, Lynn claimed that, whatever he did is only for the users security. However, the managers did not take it positively. Not only this but also, on the day of presentation the managers decided, him to give a speech on voice over internet protocol. They did not want to make Lynn upset and only because of that they give him an opportunity to Lynn to give speech on a topic on the Black Hat conference, a meeting among the computer hackers [7]. Therefore, from the ethical point of view it can be considered that, the incident of Lynns behaviors was somewhere ethical but somewhere unethical too. In corporate environment the ongoing activities are Ethical design and evaluation, computer ethics test, Training and development programs in computer ethics and speech on the principles of ethical computers. If the ethical morality hampers the overall conduction of the network system then, it will become difficult for the users and for the stakeholders to adopt a computer system [8]. If the member of the organization feels that the usability violates the values and norms of the particular organization. Therefore, from the overall discussion it can be summarized that, ethics is one of the paramount factors within the enterprises as it contains the structured behavior of the manager, leader and other professionals [10]. The leadership quality of a team leader and the managing power of a manager should always have to be very much motivating so that every employee working for the company feels motivated towards their task. Apart from this motivation is the best medicine to the employees as it helps to make them engaged to their task and organizational responsibility [15]. In this particular case, some ethical and social issues resultant forms the business perspective. These issues are as followed: Social and ethical aspect of the case study Impact Social aspects 1. Economic 2. Environmental 3. Psychological 4. Health 5. Political 6. Cultural 7. Ergonomic Ethical as well as social aspects 1. Reliability 2. Control 3. Authenticity 4. Integrity 5. Security 6. Intellectual property 7. People and machines 8. Equality of access 9. Global and cultural diversity 10. Policy and standards Different reasonable approach toward communicating the flaws in the Cisco routers that would have led to the problem being promptly addressed without stirring up animosity among the parties involved There are certain reasonable approaches are provided by Mike Lynn to reduce the issues regarding CISCO router [9]. He also discovered some issues that might create positive effect on CISCO Company too. He made it possible by framing up a secured routing protocol for all those employees who are massively uses internet services. Mike Lynn discovered a network worm, to enhance the privacy of the internet services. Network worm is basically a tiny but self replicating application that often created by the vandals or sometimes by the other corporate spy [11]. It does not modify the content of the message rather it creates replica of its own. The methodology initiates with resource stealing without any sort of destruction. It is majorly referred to as a program that is capable to create replica and spread it throughout the network in all the connected electronic devices. Network worm acts several unwanted functionaries [16]. Therefore, it can be said that the network connectivity is used to corrupt all the connected devices gradually. After complete investigation Lynn came to know that, the newly designed network work can propagate itself and also can take care of the internet services [15]. From the new CISCO security perspective currently discovered also stated the importance of the vulnerability of IPv6 craft ed datagram. IOS is vulnerable of DOS. In this case, the packet should have to be sent to the LAN segment [12]. The explicitly configured segments affect the traffic of IPv6. Actually, in this case study whatever Mike wanted to share with CISCO and ISS was not previously used by many other parties. Therefore, for black hat conference the topic was not found to bet that much effective for the internet users [4]. This is the reason for which they decided another topic VOIP for Mike Lynn instead of the network worm. It is obtained that, for network resources, internal users are responsible and external users have the authenticity to access some of the resources, from the security matrices the level of risks are modeled in an appropriate manner. System Description Level of risk Network routers Distributive device Very high Closet switches Access network device Moderate ISDN Access network device Moderate Internal mail Network application Moderate Recommendations to network security From network security perspective, it can be said that, based on the network environment and the location of the host a set of complex rules are required to be implemented within the firewall of CISCO. Security in computer technology is required to reduce the damages and destruction of the network services [8]. Security is needed to keep the internal data secured. Sensitive information can be hacked by unauthorized users therefore; network security is strictly required for the consumers security. Information regarding data should be stored in a way so that, only the authorized users can fetch those whenever required. Active and passive attacks changes the content of the information thus, encryption of data will help to keep the data much secured. Encryption on data Digital certification Implementation on DLP and auditing Maintenance of security patches Comprehensive endpoint security solution Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, the report described different corporate ethics, ethical issues and ethical dilemma incidence in Whistle-Blower divides IT security community. It also reported all the potential social and ethical issues that had resulted from the business relevant issues. Additionally, it also mentioned the importance of leadership and management criteria within an the situation faced by the Mike Lyn and according to the situation the behavior of the employee was appropriate or not was also mentioned in this report. Looking towards from corporate and ethical perspective, it can be concluded that the occurred situation was enough contradictory. Sudden resignation from the company on the day of the conference and denying of giving a speech on a topic selected by the higher authority was not ethical enough however, Mikes intention was to provide a security solution to all the users of internet services. Apart from this, other recommendations to netw ork based security are also mentioned in this report. References [1] A.M. Matwyshyn,. Hacking Speech: Informational Speech and the First Amendment. Nw. UL Rev.,107, p.795, 2012. [2] B. Issac, and N. Israr, eds,Case Studies in Secure Computing: Achievements and Trends. CRC Press, 2014. [3] B. Schneier, "Cisco Harrasses Security Researcher," Schneier on Security (Blog) July 2005. [4] D. Alati, Cowardly Traitor or Heroic Whistleblower-The Impact of Edward Snowden's Disclosures on Canada and the United Kingdom's Security Establishments.Lincoln Mem'l UL Rev.,3, p.91., 2015. [5] D. Meyer, and D. Berenbaum,. Wasp's Nest: Intelligence Community Whistleblowing Source Protection, The.J. Nat'l Sec. L. Pol'y,8, p.33. 2015. [6] D.G Lannin and N.A, Scott, Social networking ethics: Developing best practices for the new small world.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice,44(3), p.135, 2013. [7] J ohnson, U.O.E. and OluwaseunFadiya, S, Development of Secure Network System for Complex Network.International Journal of Business and Social Science,5(7), 2014. [8] K. Sankar, S. Sundaralingam, D. Miller, and A. Balinsky.Cisco Wireless LAN Security (paperback). WebEx Communications, 2013 [9] M ohammed, M. and A.S.K Pathan,.Automatic defense against zero-day polymorphic worms in communication networks. CRC Press. 2013. [10] Minow, Upstanders, Whistle-Blowers, and Rescuers.Koningsberger Lecture series, Faculty of Law, Utrecht (2014). 2014. [11] M.D. Cavelty, Breaking the cyber-security dilemma: Aligning security needs and removing vulnerabilities.Science and engineering ethics,20(3), pp.701-715, 2014. [12] Parello, John, and Padmanabhan Ramanujam. "CoAP Information Model for Enterprise IoT." 2015. [13] R. KumarGoutam, "Importance of Cyber Security",International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 111, no. 7, pp. 14-17, 2015. [14] R. Lemos, "CISCO, ISS file Suit against Rogue Researcher," SecurityFocus 2005. [15] R. McMillan, "Black Hat: ISS Researcher Quits Job to Dtail Cisco Flaws," July 2005. [16] S. Slade and P. Prinsloo,. Learning analytics ethical issues and dilemmas.American Behavioral Scientist,57(10), pp.1510-1529. 2013.